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Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) is a federal pretrial consolidation procedure created by 28 U.S.C. § 1407 and administered by the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML). When civil actions involving common questions of fact are pending in different federal districts, the JPML may transfer them to a single transferee judge for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings. The transferee court handles discovery, dispositive motions, Daubert challenges, and bellwether trials. Cases that are not resolved at the MDL level are remanded to their originating district for trial. MDLs now account for over half of all pending federal civil cases. The MDL structure is the dominant procedural vehicle for pharmaceutical, medical device, and environmental mass torts and is the primary lens through which TortSignal scores litigation momentum.